|
Ramón Blanco Valeriano Weyler José Toral Fermín Jáudenes | strength1 = Cuban Republic: : 30,000 irregulars〔Dyal, p. 19.〕 United States: : 300,000 regulars and volunteers〔Dyal, p. 22.〕 | strength2 = Spanish Army: 278,447 regulars and militia〔Dyal, p. 20.〕(Cuba), 10,005 regulars and militia〔(Puerto Rico), 51,331 regulars and militia〔(Philippines) | casualties1 = Cuban Republic: : 10,665 dead〔 United States:〔Dyal, p. 67.〕 :2,910 dead :: 345 from combat ::Army: 280 ::Navy: 16 ::Other: 49 :: 2,565 from disease :1,577 wounded ::Army: 1,509 ::Navy: 68 | casualties2 = Spanish Navy: : 560 dead, : 300–400 wounded〔 Spanish Army: : 3,000 dead or wounded : 6,700 captured,〔Trask, p. 371.〕(Philippines) : 13,000 diseased〔(Cuba) :10,000 dead from combat〔Salvadó, p. 19.〕 :50,000 dead from disease〔 }} The timeline of events of the Spanish–American War covers major events leading up to, during, and concluding the Spanish–American War, a ten-week conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States of America. The conflict had its roots in the worsening socio-economic and military position of Spain after the Peninsular War, the growing confidence of the United States as a world power, a lengthy independence movement in Cuba and a nascent one in the Philippines, and strengthening economic ties between Cuba and the United States.〔Esdaile, p. 507-508; Hamilton, ''President McKinley, War and Empire: President Mckinley and the Coming of War, 1898'', p. 105; "Spanish-American War and Filipino Insurrection", in ''The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History'', p. 523.〕 Land warfare occurred primarily in Cuba and to a much lesser extent in the Philippines. Little or no fighting occurred in Guam, Puerto Rico, or other areas.〔Bining and Cochran, p. 503.〕 Although largely forgotten in the United States today,〔Williams, p. 53.〕 the Spanish–American War was a formative event in American history. The destruction of the , yellow journalism, the war slogan "Remember the Maine!", and the charge up San Juan Hill are all iconic symbols of the war.〔Jasper, Delgado, and Adams, p. 185; Cookman, p. 68; Kaplan, p. 125; Lordan, p. 14.〕 The war marked the first time since the American Civil War that Americans from the North and the South fought a common enemy, and the war marked the end of strong sectional feeling and the "healing" of the wounds of that war.〔Fuller, p. 7.〕 The Spanish-American War catapulted Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency,〔Hendrickson, p. 131.〕 marked the beginning of the modern United States Army,〔Barnes, p. 336.〕 and led to the first establishment of American colonies overseas.〔(Soltero, p. 22 ).〕 The war proved seminal for Spain as well. The loss of Cuba, which was seen not as a colony but as part of Spain itself,〔Offner, p. 11.〕 was traumatic for the Spanish government and Spanish people. This trauma led to the rise of the Generation of '98, a group of young intellectuals, authors, and artists who were deeply critical of what they perceived as conformism and ignorance on the part of the Spanish people. They successfully called for a new "Spanish national spirit" that was politically active, anti-authoritarian, and generally anti-imperialistic and anti-military.〔Dyal, p. 108.〕 The war also greatly benefited Spain economically. No longer spending large sums to maintain its colonies, significant amounts of capital were suddenly repatriated for use domestically.〔Rosa, Castro, and Blanco, p. 230.〕 This sudden and massive influx of capital led to the development for the first time of large, modern industries in banking, chemicals, electrical power generation, manufacturing, ship building, steel, and textiles.〔Herr, p. 119-120; Balfour p. 54-56.〕 The war led to independence for Cuba within a few years.〔Pérez, p. 32-36.〕 The United States imposed a colonial government on the Philippines, quashing the young Philippine Republic. This led directly to the Philippine–American War,〔Abinales and Amoroso, p. 113.〕 a brutal guerilla conflict that caused the deaths of about 4,100 Americans and 12,000 to 20,000 Filipino guerilla and regular troops.〔Hack and Rettig 2006, p. 172; ("Historian Paul Kramer Revisits the Philippine–American War." ''The JHU Gazette.'' 35:29 (April 10, 2006) ), accessed 2013-07-18.〕〔(Guillermo, Emil. "A First Taste of Empire." ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' February 8, 2004. ) Accessed 2013-07-18.〕 Another 200,000 to 1,500,000 Filipino civilian deaths occurred.〔〔Barnes, p. 214; Burdeos, p. 14.〕 However, the conflict brought William Howard Taft to the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt, and led to Taft's ascension to the U.S. presidency in 1908.〔Cash, p. 202.〕 The American presence in the Philippines still existed at the beginning of World War II. Along with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the American experience in the Philippines at the start of the war (the Philippines Campaign, the Bataan Death March, the Battle of Corregidor) became another formative episode in the American experience〔Gonzalez, p. 74; Preston, p. 159.〕 and rehabilitated the career of General Douglas MacArthur.〔Zaloga, p. 10; Watson, p. 109; Jeffers, p. 100; Buhite, p. 42.〕 ==1892== *After widespread discussion with Cubans living in the United States, José Martí co-founds El Partido Revolucionario Cubano (the Cuban Revolutionary Party) on April 10, 1892. Its purpose is to win independence for Cuba. The organization is a reaction to nearly 15 years of economic growth, expansion of trade with the U.S., withering of trade with Spain, and extreme dissatisfaction with the ''peninsular'' caste system and socio-economic injustice.〔Dominguez and Prevost, p. 25-26.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of the Spanish–American War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|